Colour image showing a stylised ground surface with trees to left and disturbed ground with mounds and pits to right — Lidar derived image of mining along the edge of Alston Moor © Historic England, from Infoterra (May 2009)

Lidar derived image of mining along the edge of Alston Moor © Historic England, from Infoterra (May 2009)

Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging)

Airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) measures the height of the ground surface and other features in large areas of landscape with a very high resolution and accuracy. Such information was previously unavailable, except through labour-intensive field survey or photogrammetry.

It provides highly detailed and accurate models of the land surface at metre and sub-metre resolution. This provides archaeologists with the capability to recognise and record otherwise hard to detect features.

A colour image showing a stylised ground surface with three circular enclosures set within a modern field system.

A lidar derived image of three of the Priddy Circles on Mendip looking approximately east. The lidar image is used courtesy of Mendip Hills AONB – Original source Unit for Landscape Modelling (ULM) Cambridge University © Historic England

Archaeological Potential

The possibilities of lidar for archaeological recording in the UK were first recognised at a NATO sponsored workshop held in Leszno, Poland in November 2000. This had been organised to discuss future practices in aerial archaeology, and how they might be applied across Europe.

An example was shown, where a survey covering the River Wharfe in Yorkshire revealed evidence for the earthwork survival of a Roman fort previously thought to have been completely levelled by ploughing.

Historic England recognised the potential for lidar to record very slight earthwork remains and contracted the Environment Agency Geomatics Group to fly a survey of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site.

Since then we have worked with a number of lidar providers looking at different areas of the country with varying levels of monument survival.

A colour image, primarily green, showing a stylised ground surface with a sub-rectangular enclosure in a field

An image of the Roman fort at Newton Kyme showing as a slight earthwork on lidar imagery supplied by the Environment Agency and used with their permission. © Environment Agency copyright 2008. All rights reserved

Environment Agency Lidar

Since 2015, as part of a move towards open data access, the Environment Agency have made all the lidar data they have flown freely available through the government data portal. This is a fantastic resource, but needs to be used carefully. Below is a set of simple instructions on how to access the data from the web site and then manipulate them so as to produce a readily usable product.

Please be aware that the link to access the lidar data has been changed. The PDF below will be updated as soon as possible to reflect the changes to the site.

Please use the link in the PDF to comment, or email [email protected] at the contact address below.

Download

Using Environment Agency Lidar Data
(PDF, 478.29 KB)

Survey in woodland

Historic England was also closely involved in working with the former Unit for Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge and the Forestry Commission looking at the potential for lidar to penetrate wooded terrain.

Because lidar uses light beams it has the potential to penetrate gaps in the woodland canopy and so record the ground surface under the trees. This can reveal features that would not otherwise be seen.

A colour image showing a stylised ground surface. To the left is the tree canopy; to the right a sub-rectangular enclosure

Lidar imagery demonstrating canopy penetration in open woodland in Savernake Forest. The left-hand image shows the first return of the lidar pulse that effectively shows the tops of the trees similar to a traditional aerial photograph; the right-hand image shows the filtered data processed to remove the vegetation, which reveals the presence of an Iron Age enclosure. © Historic England; Source Cambridge University Unit for Landscape Modelling March 2006.

History

Airborne lidar was conceived in the 1960s (for submarine detection), and early models were used successfully in the early 1970s in the US, Canada and Australia. In the United Kingdom the Environment Agency Geomatics Group has used lidar for over a decade for the production of cost-effective terrain maps suitable for assessing flood risk.

They therefore have data available for large areas of the country. In more recent years many other bodies have acquired the capability to carry out lidar surveys. This has been particularly true for utilities companies, highway agencies and other developers.

Colour image, primarily blue-green, showing a stylised ground surface with lots of linear banks within the field pattern

Technical details

Airborne lidar operates by using a pulsed laser beam fired from a plane. The beam is most commonly scanned from side to side as the aircraft flies over the survey area. It measures between 20,000 to 100,000 points per second to build an accurate, high resolution model of the ground and the features upon it.

The speed of capture has been consistently growing over the last decade and will no doubt increase further. For further details of the technology see the Environment Agency Geomatics Group.

Guidance

Historic England is constantly looking at the best ways to utilise lidar data for archaeological purposes. We have updated our guidelines for the use of airborne lidar for archaeological survey.

Using Airborne Lidar in Archaeological Survey

Published 25 July 2018

The aim of this guidance is to help archaeologists, researchers and those who manage the historic environment to decide whether using lidar data will actually be beneficial in terms of their research aims, and how the data can be used effectively.

Learn more

Image copyright

The images used on this page are copyright Historic England unless specified otherwise. For further details of any photographs or other images and for copies of these, or the plans and reports related to the project please contact the Historic England public archive.

For further information on a project or any other aspect of the work of the Remote Sensing team please contact us at the address below.

Simon Crutchley

Remote Sensing Development Manager, Historic England

Simon is a landscape archaeologist and air photo interpreter at Historic England, with over 25 years’ experience of mapping and interpreting features of archaeological and historical interest visible on aerial photographs and other aerial imagery. He has worked in many areas of England including the World Heritage Sites of Avebury and Stonehenge. He has a special interest in “new” technology such as lidar and satellite imagery and its application to archaeological research and investigation.

Contact Simon Crutchley

[email protected]